Category: IT &Technology

When I went to work in the Royal Insurance in Liverpool in 1962 they had installed  a computer system to the building I worked in.

More than fifty people, mainly young girls, would enter information on punch cards in a large office on the first floor. These would then be taken to the computer room. This was a big room, which was kept at a certain temperature. There were no windows and it had a viewing gallery around it, as we had many visitors, who came to see what we were doing.

The room had a bank of collating machines, which sorted  the punch cards and also a lot of printers. Off the main room was an office with some engineers, who serviced the machines and dealt with any problems, which were fairly frequent!

In a separate room there were about 20 programmers, who did the programmes for the machines and who thought of themselves as being a class apart!

I think that there were other machines in the main computer room but at a distance of over fifty years it is difficult to remember.

Anne Martin U3A, June 2020

It seems I was relatively late entering the world of computing.  For Christmas 1993 I treated myself to a Psion 3A, from Argos.  This little marvel taught me about word processing, databases, spreadsheets, and even basic programming.  The screen was black and white of course, and there was no web browser, but still…  And the RAM? 256K! Not enough for even one small image these days.

I don’t remember when I first got to use a PC, but my first email, internal to the BBC and using my department’s log-in, was in April 1995.  I got my own log-in two years later.  In 1996 I got interested in writing web pages with HTML, which led to me having some formal training, getting involved with BBC Wales’ first web site, and then looking after my department’s pages on the Beeb’s intranet.

I didn’t get my first laptop until October 2007.

Jim Bartlett, June 2020

For me it would be being introduced to an ICL 4130 (formerly an Elliot Computing 4130) mainframe and the use of punch card decks. I was instructed on how to program the computer using the computer language Algol-60 and I had to write the code on sheets that were then punched by punch card operators. Somewhere, I have a booklet which describes the machine … somewhere!

Anyway, by the time I’d got started on my computing life the 4130 was getting a bit long in the tooth and the form for Universities in those days (remember everything was centrally funded by the Universities Grant and Research Grant Committees of the Education Department then) was to get a visit from the Computer Board – a group of the wise and worldly (it must have been, I went on to serve on its successor body much later on – the Joint Information Systems Committee) who would adjudicate whether an institution needed a new computer or, if it was between its regular visits, whether the Computer Centre needed new peripherals such as disk drives, printers or plotters. As a research student (at UCW Aberystwyth) I, along with my other researchers were fully prepped to be able to say the right thing just in case one of these visiting folk asked a question. What fun! The preparation must have paid off because we got a new machine.

The ICL 4130 was replaced by an ICL 1900 series machine running George 3 – a proper operating system [I think a second machine was purchased later on and they were linked so that one could handle batch punch card jobs and the other handled teletype terminals and possibly output]. Of course this was the time when Computer Operators were needed and they ran jobs (including back-ups) overnight and had to be in attendance to change magnetic tapes, and handle printed output – a lot of which was created by me!

I was teaching myself multi-variate statistics, mainly based on linear and multiple regression models, but also principal components and factor analysis and using standard programs which I modified in part to my research subject because I needed mapped output, on a line-printer! The main program I worked with however was written (in Fortran IV) by David Wishart from St Andrews for Cluster Analysis, so I learnt to program in Fortran and this soon replaced Algol-60 as my preferred programming language. This program and its adaptation to spatial analysis (in which I followed the work of a fellow researcher called Stan Openshaw who was using the technique in human geography to group together similar grid cells from maps) was to take up a huge part of the next 10 years of my life as I worked hard to avoid actually going out to do any field work on my research topic “Contemporary Erosion in mid-Wales”. Most of my jobs were by now being run by remote job entry at the Manchester Regional Computing Centre as the size of my data set was too large to run in the UCW Aberystwyth Computer Centre.

It was an exciting time to be a geographer and books and monographs were being published on quantitative geography amongst which were ones in the Institute of British Geographers CATMOG series, still in my possession, by a certain John Silk. A lovely coincidence that brings John and myself together and allows us to reminisce on the early 1970’s and “the quantitative revolution” as it was called by some!

Through the 1970’s I returned every summer holiday to Aber, and camped at the top of Penglais Hill to get time on the mainframe. In between these visits I would sit at a teletype at Doncaster College of Education, where I was now a Lecturer in Physical Geography, and submit jobs to the IBM 360 mainframe at what was then Sheffield Polytechnic. It had to be said that by 1978-9 my main interest (apart from the family that was now arriving on the scene) was in computing, not geography, and so when a friend asked me to put my knowledge to work in programming some engineering design problems, I accepted the challenge, set up my own consultancy (with my HoD’s approval) and started programming an Olivetti P6060 desktop computer using Basic. Having it at home to do the work allowed my eldest daughter (44 yesterday) to have a go at programming …

So now the link to geography had begun to be broken. This was severed by Shirley Williams decision in 1978 to close the Teacher Training part of the College where I worked. I bravely, one of my colleagues thought foolishly given that we had by now three young children, decided to opt for voluntary redundancy on the basis of being given a year’s fully-paid retraining. I went to Bradford University and did a one-year MSc in Computer Science giving me letters after my name to go with my 10+ years programming experience. Here I was introduced to the DEC PDP-11/60 mini-computer – a lovely machine running Unix, which was a lovely operating system which I continue to use in it’s Linux incarnation, to this day. I wrote my thesis on building a disk operating system (Modus) for a PDP-8 using a high-level structured programming language (Wirth’s Modula) on the PDP-11. I could now program in Algol-60, Basic, Fortran iV, Fortran 66, Cobol, PDP Assembler, Pascal and Modula.

It was the latter language (the first concurrent programming language and the precursor of first Modula-2 and then Ada) that enabled me to get a job as a Systems Programmer / Computer Lecturer at South Glamorgan Institute of HE at Llandaff. I was returning to Cardiff and HE. Not a very bold move and “only for 4 years max” (which is what I said to Jenny). That was not to be! At SGIHE/CIHE/UWIC I oversaw the introduction of a mini-computer service based initially on a Prime 550, then Prime 750 and so on, initially writing the systems programs for its operating system – Primos in Fortran, PL/P and SP/L, and then becoming Head of the Computer Centre where I dabbled in producing the first website for the institute, which has since been a continuing interest for me.

Here are a few pictures of the Computer Centre at UWIC taken before I left for UWCM at UHW (The Heath) …

The Operator’s Consoles for each system are on the left, the tape rack for the day’s tape back-ups are in the background, a terminal room with micro-computers was alongside the Computer Centre …

The original Line printer (orange) was till in service, the Prime 750 is in the background …

I’d become a manager, and the rest is another story, which I’ll record another day!

At home we’d purchased one of the first BBC-B Computers – the first of a long series of domestic computers which again is another story, which I’ll record another day!

David Harrison, June 2020

I first became aware of computers in 1964 in the sixth from.  As well as A level studies my school insisted that all sixth formers did a selection of other subjects according to their interests, abilities and possible usefulness for further studies or work.  Those subjects, each two periods a week, were non specialist and usually an introduction to topics that one not otherwise cover. 

One of my chosen subjects was ‘Maths for Sixth Form’ – don’t ask why.  Amongst other things, now forgotten, we did Venn diagrams, unheard of until then but now I believe staples of school maths, and touched on Boolean Algebra (not much idea then and none now!) and the binary system.  As part of all this it was decided we should go on a ‘trip’ to the County Council Treasurer’s department in County Hall just down the road to view the computer.  This was a main frame machine handling all the financial transactions, payroll etc.  As I remember, there was not much to look at, just a big apparatus in a large room.  We were given an explanation, pretty meaningless and long forgotten, and also a basic introduction to very simple Fortran, the machine’s programming language.  We were each given a print out card to keep and I think I did hang on to mine for some time as a souvenir of seeing something very exciting and which would never concern me as it was clearly only for very clever, and probably male, boffins.  More than the computer my clearest memory of the day is having a rather good free lunch in the staff canteen whilst my Father, an employee in a different department in County Hall looked across with his more staple paid for fare.

My university geography degree required passing a compulsory statistics course in which computing played no part.  All calculations were done with books of log tables and working out formulae by paper and pen.  I then became aware of computers in use when working as a local authority planner but in the 1970s they were not for us and a closed book being the concern of the highways engineers with whom we worked closely in the same building.  My passive brush with computing continued, awareness but no involvement. 

In the late 1980s it was decided that a home computer would be an asset for our secondary age children to assist with schoolwork and my husband selected and bought an Acorn BBC computer.  I had no interest in it or knowledge, it was just something that sat in the spare bedroom on a special little computer table bought from Argos.  I didn’t even know how to switch it on.  It used discs, square hard things that lived in a special plastic box.  I don’t think it was much more than a word processor – my husband typed out a Master’s degree thesis on it.  I am informed that it may still be in our loft! (why?!).    

It was then time in the 1990s for me to learn how to use computers as they would be playing a more significant role in planning work.  We were all sent on Council courses, at first for word processing only.  I returned from my first stressed, vowing that I would never use one again as I couldn’t get the hang of it all and this thing called a mouse seemed to shoot out of control all over the place.  Personal computers on desks were being rolled out gradually and you were given one when you were deemed able and responsible enough and your line of work merited it.  Until then you had to go to the computer person in your department and ask them to do what you needed.  Eventually computer use was second nature to us all for report and evidence writing, bypassing the typing pool into which work would disappear for days, statistical projections, site histories, e mails (internal only!), databases on numerous matters, and GIS (geographic information systems) and mapping applications.

I have now retired but enjoy using several computer devices for administration, social contact, photo processing etc.  I have travelled a long way in 50 years from visiting my father’s work location to simply view a computer to seeing my children’s focus on computer and IT ability and use in their careers whilst my own ability and interest in computer use has developed.       

Margaret Lewis, June 2020

I used SPSS a statistics package at university but all that involved was writing coding sheets and receiving back printouts of analyses so not what I’d call real computing at all.

That came later in 1978 when I was working as a research assistant at Sheffield Poly as was. I was developing a reading test for school leavers and not only had data to analyse but also wanted to see if I could set up a computerised question banking system from which different tests could be extracted.

The Computer Services dept were very helpful, listened carefully and then told me to go to the library, get out McCraken’s book on Fortran and do it myself. I taught myself Fortran and got on with it.

I’m still programming – the calendars that appear on the U3A website for each group are derived from Beacon and added into Google Calendar using the Python programming language.

Owen Parry, June 2020